ABSTRACT
The role of the syllable in written word recognition is an open question in psycholinguistic studies about reading. We analyzed the effects of a syllabic highlight technique on the reading performance of students in the 2nd degree of elementary school. Seventy-two children (mean age of 7,7 years) performed a collective test to identify their reading level (TCLPP). Afterwards, they were distributed in two equivalent groups and individually submitted to an oral words and pseudowords reading test (LPI), written with and without the technique, according to a crossover design. Syllabic highlight technique had significant positive effects on reading performance, particularly for less skilled readers. The repetition of the task enhanced the effectiveness of the technique. The results support the hypothesis that the syllable is an important linguistic unit in word recognition in Brazilian Portuguese. The syllabic highlight can be an effective strategy to construction of material for teaching and remediation of reading difficulties.
O papel da sílaba na leitura de palavras é uma questão em aberto na literatura. Analisamos os efeitos de uma técnica de destaque silábico, sobre o desempenho em leitura de alunos do 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Setenta e duas crianças (média de 7,7 anos) realizaram um teste coletivo para identificação do nível de leitura (TCLPP). Após, foram distribuídas em dois grupos equivalentes e submetidas a um teste de leitura de palavras e pseudopalavras (LPI), com e sem uso da técnica, conforme delineamento crossover. A técnica silábica teve efeitos positivos significativos sobre o desempenho em leitura, particularmente para os leitores menos hábeis. A repetição da tarefa potencializou a eficácia da técnica. Os resultados suportam a hipótese de que a sílaba é uma unidade linguística importante no reconhecimento de palavras no português brasileiro. O destaque silábico pode ser uma estratégia eficaz na elaboração de material para o ensino e remediação das dificuldades de leitura.
El papel de la sílaba en la lectura es una cuestión abierta en la literatura. Analizamos los efectos de una técnica de destaque silábico, sobre el desempeño en lectura de 72 alumnos del 2º año de la Enseñanza Fundamental (media de 7,7 años). Estos realizaron una prueba colectiva para identificar su nivel de lectura (TCLPP). Después, fueron distribuidos en dos grupos equivalentes y sometidos a una prova de lectura de palabras y pseudo-palabras (LPI), con y sin uso de la técnica, conforme delineamiento crossover. La técnica silábica tuvo efectos positivos significativos, particularmente para los lectores menos hábiles. La repetición de la tarea potenció su eficacia. Los resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que la sílaba es una importante unidad lingüística en el reconocimiento de las palabras en portugués de Brasil. El destaque silábico puede ser una estrategia eficaz en la elaboración de material para la enseñanza y remediación de las dificultades de lectura.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Reading , Students/psychology , Child , Cognition , Education, Primary and Secondary , Learning , BrazilABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The energy consumption process of cochlea and neural signal transduction along the auditory pathway are highly dependent on blood oxygen supply. At present, it is under debate on whether the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) would affect the auditory function since the patients suffer from low oxygen saturation. Moreover, it is difficult to detect the functional state of auditory in less severe stage of OSAS. Recently, speech-evoked auditory brainstem response (speech-ABR) has been reported to be a new electrophysiological tool in characterizing the auditory dysfunction. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the auditory processes in adult patients with mild and moderate OSAS by speech-ABR. METHODS: An experimental group of 31 patients with mild to moderate OSAS, and a control group without OSAS diagnosed by apnea hypopnea index in polysomnogram were recruited. All participants underwent otologic examinations and tests of pure-tone audiogram, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, click-evoked auditory brainstem response (click-ABR) and speech-ABR, respectively. RESULTS: The results of pure-tone audiogram, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and click-ABR in OSAS group showed no significant differences compared with the control group (P>0.05). Speech-ABRs for OSAS participants and controls showed similar morphological waveforms and typical peak structures. There were significant group differences for the onset and offset transient peaks (P < 0.05), where OSAS group had longer latencies for peak V (6.69± 0.33 ms vs. 6.39±0.23 ms), peak C (13.48±0.30 ms vs. 13.31±0.23 ms), and peak O (48.27±0.39 ms vs. 47.60± 0.40 ms) compared to the control group. The latency of these peaks showed significant correlations with apnea hypopnea index for peak V (r=0.37, P=0.040), peak C (r=0.36, P=0.045), as well as peak O (r=0.55, P=0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that some auditory dysfunctions may be present in patients with mild and moderate OSAS, and the damages were aggravated with the severity of OSAS, which suggests that speech-ABR may be a potential biomarker in the diagnosis and evaluation at early stage of OSAS.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Hypoxia , Apnea , Auditory Pathways , Cochlea , Diagnosis , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem , Oxygen , Polysomnography , Signal Transduction , Sleep Apnea, ObstructiveABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The influence of visual stimulus on the auditory component in the perception of auditory-visual (AV) consonant-vowel syllables has been demonstrated in different languages. Inherent properties of unimodal stimuli are known to modulate AV integration. The present study investigated how the amount of McGurk effect (an outcome of AV integration) varies across three different consonant combinations in Kannada language. The importance of unimodal syllable identification on the amount of McGurk effect was also seen. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight individuals performed an AV identification task with ba/ ga, pa/ka and ma/n· a consonant combinations in AV congruent, AV incongruent (McGurk combination), audio alone and visual alone condition. Cluster analysis was performed using the identification scores for the incongruent stimuli, to classify the individuals into two groups; one with high and the other with low McGurk scores. The differences in the audio alone and visual alone scores between these groups were compared. RESULTS: The results showed significantly higher McGurk scores for ma/n· a compared to ba/ga and pa/ka combinations in both high and low McGurk score groups. No significant difference was noted between ba/ga and pa/ka combinations in either group. Identification of /n· a/ presented in the visual alone condition correlated negatively with the higher McGurk scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the final percept following the AV integration is not exclusively explained by the unimodal identification of the syllables. But there are other factors which may also contribute to making inferences about the final percept.
ABSTRACT
A recombinação silábica para formar novas palavras tem se mostrado uma alternativa promissora no ensino de leitura generalizada para indivíduos com desenvolvimento atípico. No entanto, organizar as letras que constituem as palavras é um conceito básico indispensável para que se instalem os rudimentos da leitura, ainda que sejam palavras simples compostas por uma ou duas sílabas. O presente estudo teve por objetivo instalar os pré-requisitos do comportamento de ordenação dos símbolos gráficos do alfabeto romano para indivíduos com deficiência intelectual. Participaram do estudo dois alunos matriculados na escola da Apae. Formas não representacionais apresentadas em quatro tamanhos foram inicialmente utilizadas, e a resposta requerida foi selecioná-las para formar três sequências. Seguindo o mesmo procedimento, foram utilizadas letras como estímulos para formar palavras dissílabas. Os resultados mostraram que os alunos foram capazes de ordenar as letras formando as palavras após aprenderem a organizar os estímulos não representacionais, utilizados como pré-requisito.
The syllable recombination to form new words has been shown as a promising alternative to teach generalized reading to individuals with atypical development. However, letter organization to form words is a basic concept necessary to install the rudiments of reading, even if the words are simple with one or two syllable. The present study had the goal of installing the pre-requisites behavioral of graphic symbol ordination of the Roman alphabet in individuals with intellectual deficiencies. Two students from Apae School participated of the study. Non-representational shapes presented in four sizes were initially used and the required response was to select them to form three sequences. Using the same procedure, letters were used as stimuli to form two-syllable words. The results showed that the students were capable of ordering the letters to form words after learning to organize the non-representational stimuli as a prerequisite.
La recombinación silábica para formar nuevas palabras se ha mostrado como una alternativa prometedora en la enseñanza de lectura generalizada en los individuos con desarrollo atípico. Sin embargo, organizar las letras que constituyen las palabras es un concepto básico esencial para instalar los rudimentos de la lectura, aunque sean palabras sencillas de una o dos sílabas. El propósito de este estudio fue instalar los requisitos previos para el comportamiento de la coordinación de símbolos gráficos del alfabeto romano para las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Participaron en el estudio, dos estudiantes matriculados en la escuela de Apae. Formas no representacionales presentadas en cuatro tamaños fueron originalmente utilizadas y la respuesta necesaria fue seleccionarlas para formar tres secuencias. Siguiendo el mismo procedimiento se utilizaron las letras como palabras bisilábicas. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes fueron capaces de ordenar las letras que forman las palabras después de aprender a organizar los estímulos no representacionales, utilizados como un requisito previo.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: este estudio compara el desempeño de dos grupos de participantes con y sin afasia anómica en tareas de decisión léxica (TDL) y de deletreo en relación con el efecto de las variables de frecuencia léxica y silábica. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo con un diseño 2x2x2, donde se administraron la TDL, en la cual cada participante debía decidir si el estímulo presentado correspondía a palabra o pseudopalabra y la tarea de deletreo, donde los participantes debían deletrear de forma oral cada una de las palabras presentadas auditivamente. Resultados: para la TDL, el grupo experimental presentó mayor porcentaje de error en los estímulos de alta frecuencia silábica, mientras que el control tuvo más errores en aquellos de baja frecuencia silábica. En cuanto a los tiempos de reacción, el grupo experimental tardó más que los controles en resolver la tarea. La tarea de deletreo no mostró diferencia de ejecución por grupos ni condiciones (frecuencia léxica y silábica). Conclusiones: los resultados del presente estudio demuestran el efecto de facilitación de la frecuencia léxica y la inhibición que genera la frecuencia silábica alta, ampliamente soportada por la investigación en población normatizada mediante diferentes lenguajes.
Objective: this study compares the performance of two groups of participants with and without aphasia anomic in a lexical decision tasks (LDT) and spelling, in relation to the effect of the variables of word frequency and syllable. Materials and methods: a prospective study with a 2x2x2 design, which administered the LDT, in which each she/he had to decide if it was a real Spanish word or not, pressing one of two keys. To the task of spelling, they had to spell orally each of words presented auditorily. Results: It was found that in the LTD, the experimental group made more errors in the high-frequency stimuli syllable while the control group had more errors in the low-frequency syllables. In terms of reaction times was evident that the experimental group took longer to solve the task than the control group. The spelling task performance showed no difference in groups or conditions (lexical frequency and syllable). Conclusions: similar than other researches in normalized population, the results of this study demonstrate the effect of lexical frequency facilitation and inhibition that generates high syllable frequency.
Objetivo: este estudo compara o desempenho de dois grupos de participantes com e sem afasia anómica em tarefas de decisão lexical (TDL) e de soletração em relação com o efeito das variáveis de frequência lexical e silábica. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo prospectivo com um plano 2x2x2, onde se administraram a TDL, e cada participante devia decidir se o estímulo apresentado correspondia a palavra ou pseudopalavra e a tarefa de soletração, onde os participantes deviam soletrar de forma oral cada uma das palavras apresentadas auditivamente. Resultados: para a TDL, o grupo experimental apresentou maior porcentagem de erro nos estímulos de alta frequência silábica, enquanto o controle teve mais erros naqueles de baixa frequência silábica. Com relação aos tempos de reação, o grupo experimental tardou mais que os controles em resolver a tarefa. A tarefa de soletração não mostrou diferença de execução por grupos nem condições (frequência lexical e silábica). Conclusões: os resultados do presente estudo demonstram o efeito de facilitação da frequência lexical e a inibição que gera a frequência silábica alta, amplamente suportada pela pesquisa em população normatizada mediante diferentes linguagens.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anomia , Aphasia , Reaction Time , Task Performance and Analysis , Prospective Studies , MethodsABSTRACT
Objective:To compare the time domain and the frequency domain of speech-evoked auditory brainstem response measured by stimulation of left and right ears, and to explore the difference and possible reasons of neural coding for speech from different ears in auditory brainstem.Method:Speech-ABRs to syllable /da/ of 31 healthy adults were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed on time-domain parameters, such as latencies and amplitudes of featured peaks, and frequency-domain ones, such as amplitudes of the fundamental frequency and the first formant of speech-ABRs ranging from 20-50 ms. A scoring criterion to grade the appearance of featured waves was proposed for waveform evaluation.Result:There were no significant difference for the latencies of binaural featured peaks and amplitudes of feature peaks(except peaks A and O). The waveform scores of right ear were greater than that of left ear. The amplitudes of fundamental frequency of binaural waves were both greater than that of the first formant. There was no significant difference of amplitudes of fundamental frequency and the first formant between two ears.Conclusion:The origins and distributions of speech-ABR are essentially symmetrical in brainstem in contrast with the hemisphere asymmetry of speech.
ABSTRACT
El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el desempeño de la conciencia fonológica en preescolares chilenos. Para ello, se trabajó con un grupo de estudio constituído por 120 niños chilenos de nivel socioeconómico bajo. La muestra se dividió en 2 grupos: 60 niños de 4 años y 60 de 5 años. Se aplicó una prueba destinada a evaluar habilidades metalingüísticas de tipo fonológico. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los preescolares de 5 años evidencian un rendimiento significativamente mayor que el grupo de niños de 4 años en tareas de conciencia fonológicas. Lo anterior, permite concluir que existe un incremento de las habilidades metalingüísticas relacionadas con la sílaba al comparar preescolares de 4 y 5 años. Sin embargo, en los niños de 5 años no se advierte un conocimiento metafonológico de la sílaba totalmente establecido.
The aim of this study is to know the performance phonological awareness in preschool Chilean children. A metaphonological awareness test is applied to 60 children of four years old and 60 children of five years old who come from low socioeconomic income families. The results show that the preschool of 5 year-old a significantly major yield that the group of 4-year-old children in tasks of fonological awareness. So, the results indicate an increase in children's syllable phonological awareness development according to chronological age. However, no evidence states a complete acquisition of syllable's metaphonological knowlege at five years old.